Read the paragraphs below and answer the questions.
In England, there was scarcely an amount of order and protection to justify much national boasting. Daring burglaries by armed men, and highway robberies, took place in the capital itself every night; families were publicly cautioned not to go out of town without removing their furniture to upholsterers' warehouses for security; the highwayman in the dark was a City tradesman in the light; the mail was waylaid by seven robbers, and the guard shot three dead, and then got shot dead himself by the other four, after which the mail was robbed in peace; that magnificent potentate, the Lord Mayor of London, was made to stand and deliver on Turnham Green by one highwayman, who despoiled him in sight of all his retinue; thieves snipped off diamond crosses from the necks of noble lords at Court drawing-rooms; musketeers went into St. Giles's, to search for contraband goods, and the mob fired on the musketeers, and the musketeers fired on the mob, and nobody thought any of these occurrences much out of the common way.
1. Which is the best description of England in the first paragraph?
2. According to the passage, where did most robberies occur?
3. What is the effect of the semi-colons in the first paragraph?
4. What does "the highwayman in the dark was a City tradesman in the light" mean?
5. What happens to the mail in the first paragraph?
6. What happened to the Lord Mayor of London?
7. What does "nobody thought any of these occurrences much out of the common way" mean?
It was the Dover road that lay, on a Friday night late in November, before the first of the persons with whom this history has business. The Dover road lay, as to him, beyond the Dover mail, as it lumbered up Shooter's Hill. He walked up hill in the mire by the side of the mail, as the rest of the passengers did; not because they had the least relish for walking exercise, under the circumstances, but because the hill, and the harness, and the mud, and the mail, were all so heavy, that the horses had three times already come to a stop, besides once drawing the coach across the road, with the mutinous intent of taking it back to Blackheath. Reins and whip and coachman and guard, however, in combination, had read that article of war which forbade that some brute animals are endued with Reason; and the team had capitulated and returned to their duty. With drooping heads and tremulous tails, they mashed their way through the thick mud, floundering and stumbling between whiles, as if they were falling to pieces at the larger joints.
8. What is the effect of the opening sentence of the second paragraph?
9. Which word is the best synonym (word with a similar meaning) for "lumbered"?
10. Which word best emphasises how muddy the road was?
11. Where has the coach come from?
12. Why are the passengers walking?
13. Who or what is described as "mutinous"?
14. What does "capitulated" mean?
15. What does the last sentence of the second paragraph tell us?
16. "As if they were falling to pieces at the larger joints" is an example of which technique?
17. "Mashed, floundering, stumbling" are all examples of which word class?
There was a steaming mist in all the hollows, and it had roamed in its forlornness up the hill, like an evil spirit, seeking rest and finding none. A clammy and intensely cold mist, it made its slow way through the air in ripples that visibly followed and overspread one another, as the waves of an unwholesome sea might do. It was dense enough to shut out everything from the light of the coach-lamps but these its own workings, and a few yards of road; and the reek of the labouring horses steamed into it, as if they had made it all.
Two other passengers, besides the one, were plodding up the hill by the side of the mail. All three were wrapped to the cheekbones and over the ears, and wore jack-boots. Not one of the three could have said, from anything he saw, what either of the other two was like; and each was hidden under almost as many wrappers from the eyes of the mind, as from the eyes of the body, of his two companions. In those days, travellers were very shy of being confidential on a short notice, for anybody on the road might be a robber or in league with robbers; they all suspected everybody else.
"Wo-ho!" said the coachman. "Joe!" "Halloa!" the guard replied. "What o'clock do you make it, Joe?" "Ten minutes, good, past eleven." "My blood!" ejaculated the vexed coachman, "and not atop of Shooter's yet! Tst! Yah! Get on with you!"
The last burst carried the mail to the summit of the hill. The horses stopped to breathe again, and the guard got down to skid the wheel for the descent, and open the coach-door to let the passengers in.
"Tst! Joe!" cried the coachman in a warning voice, looking down from his box. "What do you say, Tom?" They both listened. "I say a horse at a canter coming up, Joe." "I say a horse at a gallop, Tom," returned the guard, leaving his hold of the door, and mounting nimbly to his place. "Gentlemen! In the king's name, all of you!"
With this hurried adjuration, he cocked his blunderbuss, and stood on the offensive.
18. Which literary techniques are used in the description of the mist?
19. What is the effect of the description of the mist?
20. What does "hidden under almost as many wrappers from the eyes of the mind" mean?
21. What is the character of the coachman?
22. Why is the coachman "vexed" (annoyed)?
23. What is the effect of the short sentences at the end of the passage?
24. How does the writer build tension at the very end of the passage?
25. What does "adjuration" mean?